Saturday, November 11, 2023

My Birthday is coming: No, I don't like it, but here's some suggestions.

 

It is, as it is every year about this time, coming up on my birthday. As you can imagine, and if you know me I've already said this, I don't like my birthday. Depression and anxiety and trauma all usually lead to not being interested in or not willing to acknowledge one 's birthday. I'm well aware that's such the thing affects people differently, but for me, I feel guilty.

Family trauma does that. I went for years not enjoying my birthday because I always had a birthday or was celebrated or got presents with a catch. There was always some sort of caveat or reminder that they weren't celebrating me they were celebrating what I could do for them.

 

It is in this way that Facebook is of course a major asshole, because it has done a fantastic job for the last week or so reminding me that

A.      My birthday is coming, and

B.      That I can use my birthday to encourage my friends and family to give money to things.

I can't seem to get away from that “we're not celebrating you, we're celebrating what you can do for us” vibe.

 

So, OK.

Let's do it that way. Because here's the thing,  I genuinely feel guilty and unworthy of gifts. I have gotten them in the past from my followers and while I have been thankful, I also don't know how to not feel bad about receiving them. And seeing that so many people are interested apparently in giving something to me on my birthday, I've decided to take a page from the book of face, but not do it in a way that Facebook benefits from it:  you know their links have a catch.

Here are a number of organizations, cultural programs, or museums but if people feel like they need to give me something, they can donate to these places. As I have said before, archaeology and cultural resource programs suffer from a lack of funding, and this lack of funding can cause problems with site protection and preservation, curation, creating educational material and programs for both children and adults, the list can honestly go on for a while.

So I've put some down here, but if people are feeling so very inclined these are places or programs or projects that can always use help.  This is a short list, but every state has museums and historical societies that can be found through your home state’s Historic Preservation office (this link helps  https://www.archaeological.org/programs/educators/more-resources/statemonths/ )

  I do not have an expectation nor demand that people do any of this, and I am thankful to everyone for even considering.   Money helps, but if that’s not feasible, volunteering at these places does also help immensely.

 

Cheers all.

 

 

 

The Archaeological Conservancy.

https://www.archaeologicalconservancy.org/about/gift-estate-planning/

 

Archaeological Institute of America

https://www.archaeological.org/donate/

 

Archaeologists for Autism

https://archaeologistsforautism.com/


The Historical Museum at Fort Missoula

https://fortmissoulamuseum.org/donate-form/

 

First People’s Buffalo Jump State Park

https://fwp.mt.gov/first-peoples-buffalo-jump

https://fwp.mt.gov/stateparks/volunteer

 

Garnet Ghost Town/ Garnet Preservation Association

http://www.garnetghosttown.org/

 

Battleship Texas Foundation

https://battleshiptexas.org/support/donate/ 

 

Be sure to look at your own region for opportunities or programs that are not on my radar!

Wednesday, January 18, 2023

QUESTIONS FOR THE CONSPIRACY CROWD FROM AN ARCHAEOLOGIST

  

So, I would like to ask some questions. While this doesn't seem like an abnormal request, it is when you consider the people that I am asking:

I am asking the conspiracy theory crowd.

I am asking the pseudo-science crowd.

I am asking people like Graham Hancock, Randall Carlson, the ancient aliens guy, and all of these other individuals  who seem to be more than happy dismissing the profession of archaeology, but fully rely on archaeological evidence and archaeological sites as evidence for their cases.

The reason I am asking is that, naturally, more pseudoscientific content is flying around social media. I regularly get tagged in conspiracy theory and fake history and pseudo-scientific proclamations on TikTok, and yet no one ever seems to be able to show evidence that I ask for.

I get told that I don't know what I'm talking about, or that I am a tool of a conspiratorial government agenda, that, coincidentally no one can explain the why or who of this accusation.

 

So I figured I would just ask some straight questions: here, as simply as I can ask them, and I would like honest answers (assuming I get any).

Now, seeing as that it is indicative of one of the more popular conspiracy theory and pseudo-scientific hypotheses, my questions are going to be directed towards the notion of Egyptians having been in the Grand Canyon in Arizona.

These will not be difficult, and I am serious in that I would like some answers.

 As to the Egyptians having a civilization in the Grand Canyon:

1.       Can you explain why the government would hide such a discovery?

2.       Can you explain why the Egyptians would go to the Grand Canyon?

3.       Can you explain how the Egyptians even knew where to go?

Naturally, the questions are going to get a little more detailed now. But I will do my best to keep them simple.

4.       There is a claim that Cleopatra and Marc Anthony, when thrown from power and nearing defeat, set their son along with 50,000 of their most loyal citizens “west”.  How and where would Cleopatra and Marc Anthony find the resources to embark on such an expedition?

5.       Has anyone ever calculated the number of ships needed to transport 50,000 people?

6.       Has anyone asked or figured out their route to the Americas?

7.       How did a fleet large enough to transport 50,000 people, all of their livestock and supplies, plus provisions for the journey itself escape detection by every culture living along their route of travel?

8.       How many of these people were Egyptian, Roman, Greco-Egyptian in their origin?

9.       Does anyone have an idea or an estimation as to the amount of material culture would be left by a single individual on this expedition, let alone 50,000 of them?

10.   Have the logistics of moving 50,000 people, the ships to carry them, the supplies and provisions to last them the entire voyage, and then the resources needed to March across an unknown continent ever been calculated or considered?

11.   Can anyone answer as to why Julius Caesar, probably one of the most recorded individuals in ancient Europe and the Mediterranean, did not try to stop them?

These same questions can apply to an Egyptian expedition that has nothing to do with Mark Antony and Cleopatra. But let's continue.

12.   Upon reaching the Americas, how did the Egyptians know where to go?

13.   Why have no Egyptian archaeological sites showing their encampments along this expedition been discovered from the eastern coast of the United states westward to Arizona?

14.   along those same lines, what did the Egyptians do when they encountered the indigenous civilizations of the Americas?

15.   Some of the largest sedentary cultures in the Americas lie along the route the Egyptians would have taken to Arizona, as well as actually occupied what we know as Arizona. Can you explain why there is no cultural exchange?

16.   Where is the influence of Egyptian culture, technology, DNA, agriculture, religion, clothing, etc. On the indigenous peoples in the Americas along their route of travel?

17.   Where is the influence of indigenous culture, DNA, agriculture, religion, clothing etcetera on the Egyptians.

QUICK SIDE NOTE:  Marc Anthony was Roman. When the Romans took over Egypt, it was the Hellenistic or Ptolemaic  period, when the Greeks were in charge of Egypt, and therefore blended the two cultures together. Where are the Greco-Egyptian cultural identifiers? Where are the Romano-Egyptian cultural identifiers?

18.   Can anyone explain why the indigenous peoples of North America have no record or history or influence in their cultural practices from the Egyptians?

19.   Smallpox was first recorded in Africa, in 400 BCE: how did 50,000 people traveling from the Mediterranean not infect the indigenous population with this incredibly fatal disease.

 

These 19 questions pertain only to the Egyptians getting to the Americas. Let's actually look at where they ended up.

20.   When the Egyptians arrived in the Grand Canyon, they would have had to build a shelter and infrastructure system to support a population of 50,000 people. where is the evidence of this occupation area?.

21.   All over the world, dating back to our earliest ancestors, there is archaeological evidence of where they lived, the tools they used, the food they ate. how could a population of 50,000 people not leave evidence?

22.   Has anyone actually considered what the Egyptians would have brought with them? Why are there no descendants, feral or still domesticated, of their livestock animals?

23.   Where is the agricultural infrastructure to support a population of 50,000 people?

24.   Where are the developed water sources?

25.  Honestly, I think I'm going to waste some time here by asking a question for each individual thing. Can anyone explain the lack of archaeological evidence for the following: 

o    Burials, bodies, grave goods 

o    intact pottery  

o    broken pottery sherds  

o    tools made of metal stone and wood. 

o    broken and discarded tools. 

o    processed food remains. 

o    butchered animal bone 

o    trash pits and middens 

o    fire pits hearths charcoal 

o    worked bone shell and stone debitage. 

o    privies/toilets/human waste 

o    water systems/channels/canals/ditches wells 

o    stone quarries and cut stone. 

o    tailing piles associated with excavation of silver/gold/copper/tin. 

o    Evidence of smelting/making Bronze 

o    Fuel harvesting for smelting/food prep. 

o    Lumber resources for shelter/construction 

o    Roads/trails/trade networks 

o    land clearing for construction and farming practices. 

o    remains of domesticated animals & the keeping of them 

o    marketplaces/forges/tool makers  

o    buildings foundations walls 

o    rock art inscriptions 

26.  Can anyone explain why evidence and an archaeological footprint exists for the indigenous people dating back well over 10,000 years in that area, and yet no influence of a population of Egyptians affected it?

27.  Can anyone explain why the “temples” that were supposedly built have no cut stone?

28.  Can someone explain why there are “temples built by Egyptians”  Named after Shiva, Buddha, “the Battleship”,  and so on?  Why are they mixing the pantheons? Why is one of the temples named after an iron hulled warship that was not developed until nearly 2000 years later?

 

Lastly, because as you can see my ”few questions” has turned into 30-ish,  I should probably finish up.

29.  Can anyone verify the discovery of GE Kincaid? Or that GE Kincaid was real? Can anyone explain why the news article only ran in one newspaper?

30.  Can anyone explain why the Smithsonian or archaeologists around the world would hide one of the most significant and history altering discoveries in the entirety of modern humanity?

31.   In the 1880s, geologist Clarence Dutton of the US Geological Survey started mapping Utah, the Colorado plateau, and the Grand Canyon district. He is the one who named the land forms with Egyptian names like Isis Temple.  Considering that Egyptian history was well recorded by the Victorian era, and aspects of it were known worldwide, is it possible that Dutton simply named the landforms based on what he knew of Egyptian mythology?

32.  Why is that more unlikely then the entire hypothesis of Egyptians being in the Grand Canyon?

For the pseudoscience people that claim the US government cleaned up all of the artifacts and all of the cultural materials pertaining to the Egyptians in the Grand Canyon:

  33. Can you explain why the indigenous archaeology doesn’t show any signs of being disturbed?

34. Can you explain how the US government in the 1920s or 30s managed to not confuse indigenous artifacts with the Egyptian artifacts and vice versa?

35. How was all the martial culture and landscape disturbance from the Clean and Cover Up efforts cleaned up?

36. How is it the US government mounted such an effort to completely clean X square miles of archaeological evidence, and managed to keep the entire region in the dark about it? Keep all of their troops quiet? 

37. Has anyone taken into account how much, logistically, you would have to explain in resources used to conduct an operation such as this hypothetical one here?


You know what, I could keep going. I could keep asking simple and frankly nitpicking questions about this hypothesis, anyone of which would be a nail in the coffin of this conspiracy and pseudoscientific theory.     These are the kinds of questions that we, the professional archaeologists in the field, ask. Contrary to what people like Graham Hancock say that “we don't consider” new information, we actually go so in depth into detail of evidence In an effort to find it.

It's almost like that's our job.

 

in the end, please, feel free to answer any of the questions I have asked above. If you have an answer, naturally I will want to see the source so please have it available. 

 And please keep in mind that many of these questions can be applied to all sorts of other conspiracy and seudo scientific hypotheses, lest it be Scythians in Virginia, Egyptian temples in Tennessee, Atlantis, “the Mother Culture”, and so on.

That took a while.

Wednesday, January 11, 2023

The Horse and its presence in the Americas.

 

SO, The other day, pseudoscience claimed SCYTHIANS arrived in Virginia, and I had to explain why this was not the case, and what would be the result  their presence in the Americas  would be in respect to how history would have been different.  One of the things I pointed out is that the Scythians would have brought their horses, considering the Scythians were horse nomads, and this started something.

The horses in the Americas conversation, and just like that, I am no longer going to talk about it. 

There are a number of reasons why, but as it stands, I simply am not comfortable talking about it, because if I have observed anything on the internet, TikTok especially, things take a dive real quick and I'd rather avoid it.  

That said, I do not want to leave my followers empty handed: 

So I have put together two resources for everyone's consideration. One is a professional paper, and the other is an article being critical  of that paper.  understand that this is how academia works: people write papers and conduct work and studies and present their findings, and then their peers look at their findings with a critical eye.

This is why professional archaeologists takes so long to present findings from archaeological sites, why we don't make grandiose claims until we have the evidence to prove those claims and why We are so insistent about citing sources and having that information to show our work to make sure our don't Plagiarize or misinterpret or present false information. 

This is also how archaeologists and historians and anthropologists and all of the other sciences, really, create and put forth our hypotheses, present new ideas, and consider an integrate new ideas into what is already known. We run down all of the avenues, testing each thing and comparing it to the evidence and findings, to make sure that there is nothing else that is likely or could have effected what was found. 

How does a roman coin make it to New Jersey? Instead of saying the Romans did it, ask what else could have caused it and come up with the answer while addressing all the factors as to why the romans DIDN’T.  

 In fact, the process that I'm speaking of is the exact thing that people like Graham Hancock tell you that we don't do: the reality of that being that Graham Hancock either will not present his findings in this fashion, or all of the professionals looked at his work and said “hey here's all of the problems with this”.  We wouldn’t confirm what he came up with, and wont say what he wants us to say, so he has, naturally, slandered the field and made bold claims that we don’t accept new ideas or anything like that.

 

All that aside, this is already too long of an article.  Im posting the link to the paper in question, and the critique article (WHICH CITED ITS SOURCES).    I ask that you read them, absorb and consider the information, and come to your own conclusions. 

Cheers.

Paper

https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/handle/11122/7592


Article

https://ahotcupofjoe.net/2019/07/pseudoarchaeological-claims-of-horses-in-the-americas/



Sunday, April 24, 2022

THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS! HOW WE KNOW THEY ARE TOMBS.

 

Holy **** kids, it continues to blow my mind on how many people fail to actually do research and slash or read anything. The History Channel can go **** the **** ***, along with all of these conspiracy theory and pseudoscience nitwits who continued to misrepresent ancient cultures and ancient monuments. More and more TikTok creators who prescribe to the conspiracy theory side of things are posting vids talking about the  pyramids in Egypt, or Gobekli Tepe And they are continuing to misrepresent decades of work, in the case of the pyramids OVER 200 YEARS Since the creation of Egyptology, And they're failing two actually educate themselves or others, instead of actually sharing confirmed information and facts that have been backed up by actual bloody evidence. The History Channel continues to push these ridiculous notions about ancient monuments and everything in the guise of quote entertainment”, but fails to actually put any disclaimers on their television shows in an effort to dissuade people from believing that it's actual fact. it's bloody damn ridiculous.   I continue to go out and look, and waste my time frankly, looking for of the sources that the people who push the pseudoscience are using. And I have yet to find actual sources that the pseudoscience crowd actually hinges their arguments on.   The pseudoscientists and the conspiracy theorists continue to make wild claims, or just recycle and regurgitate******** theories from the past without any actual evidence of their claims.

 I've said this before that they continually either misrepresent information from actual professional sources, banking on the fact that their readers are either too stupid or not interested in actually learning more or confirming things for themselves, Or they blatantly ignore the data that exists. That's why we are here today: once again I was tagged in a video where conspiracy theory person claims, once again, that there is no proof that the Egyptian pyramids were used as tombs. Naturally of course this individual failed to actually cite where they're getting their information. It's almost like the moment that people say “hey, actually back up what you're saying”, and hold the conspiracy theory people two any sort of integrity or professionalism, they run away or claim that even further conspiracy is setting up to defeat their message.   

SO, DID YOU KNOW THAT THERE ARE OVER 500 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTICALS, BOOKS, REPORTS AND DOCUMENTION SHOWING THE FUNERARY EVIDENCE OF THE PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT BEING TOMBS?:

Yeah.  Um….. LIKE WOW.   LOOK, Sources!  Below! I FOUND THEM FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE INTERESTED.

More than the ridiculous Conspiracy Folk do.

You are welcome. 

And you all best be grateful: I’ve run out of whiskey while compiling these.

FIRSTLY:  This source is from Wikipedia.  I know that’s not great, but it is a great table that shows what has been found in the pyramids. It actually has CITATIONS….go figure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_finds_in_Egyptian_pyramids

The rest are just sources.

Did you know that Harvard has an ENTIRE project dealing with Giza?   Crazy….its like actual work is STILL BEING DONE

http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/

http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/pubdocs/432/full/

 

https://archive.org/details/completepyramids00lehn  a literal book on the pyramids that doesn’t talk aliens.    Crazy

Friedman, Florence Dunn, and Florence Friedman. “The Underground Relief Panels of King Djoser at the Step Pyramid Complex.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 32 (1995): 1–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/40000828.

David H. Koch Pyramids Radiocarbon Project. “DATING THE PYRAMIDS.” Archaeology 52, no. 5 (1999): 26–33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41779272.

“Recent Discoveries at the Giza Pyramids.” Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 23, no. 136 (1925): 12–14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4169942.

Hawass, Zahi, and Mark Lehner. “BUILDERS OF THE PYRAMIDS.” Archaeology 50, no. 1 (1997): 30–38. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41771231.

Roth, Ann Macy. “Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty: The Spatial Organization of Pyramids, Tombs, and Cemeteries.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 30 (1993): 33–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/40000226.

Sakovich, Anthony P. “Explaining the Shafts in Khufu’s Pyramid at Giza.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 42 (2005): 1–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27651795.

Ejsmond, Wojciech. “NATURAL PYRAMIDS OF ANCIENT EGYPT: FROM EMULATIONS OF MONARCHS TO ROYAL BURIALS.” Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 28 (2018): 169–80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26664988.

Lehner, Mark. “The Pyramid Age Settlement of the Southern Mount at Giza.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 39 (2002): 27–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/40001149.

 YOU KNOW, how about I just post the link to the LIST OF LINKS.

https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Giza+Pyramids+tombs&so=rel

HERE IS A SHITTY, POOR QUALITY, AWFUL SOURCE, BUT STILL BETTER THAN THE SOURCES THE CONSPIRACY PSEUDOSCIENCE CROWD HAS:

https://www.sciencealert.com/here-s-how-scientists-know-the-pyramids-were-built-to-store-pharaohs-not-grain

Wednesday, January 5, 2022

ARCHAEOLOGY LAW AND REGULATION SOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 It has been asked of me very often “where/what/how can I go collect artifacts?” by those that follow me on social media. It’s a very interesting problem because for every post that I do about the importance of maintaining the integrity of archaeological sites, there is always someone who asks if it’s legal to do something, or they admit wholeheartedly that they have been taking artifacts or collecting artifacts from archaeological sites for years and they have never gotten caught. Nor is there a shortage of people who proceeded to tell me that I am “gatekeeping archaeology”,  “elitist” due to the fact that I have a degree in the subject and pursued a higher education in the matter,  or that I am flat out wrong in my assessment of cultural resource management law.

These people that do this, are obviously a bother.

However, there are a fair number of people who ask what they can do to protect archaeological resources, what they should do if they come across an archaeological site or observe someone vandalizing or looting an archaeological site, or how they can get involved with proper, legal, and professional Archaeological activities. These people are unfortunately far out numbered by the ones who have the Tendencies to think they know better than the professional in the field, but as you know, one must always do their best to encourage the ones who want to learn and teach them the correct way of doing things.

No, I have explained a good number of times why archaeological sites should be left alone. How, if they are dug up and disturbed by people who do not know how to collect the data or do the work professionally, immense amounts of information and history are lost and can never be recovered. Once an archaeological site has been damaged by looters or souvenir hunters, that damage cannot be undone. I have pointed out that, in the United States, artifacts found on private land belonged to the landowner, and that if people do not seek permission from the landowner, it constitutes as theft to remove archaeological artifacts from private property. I have also spoken that depending on what the artifacts are, Sometimes the state does have laws and regulations in place to protect those sites even if they are on private property. I have said many times where to find this information, but it always seems to be difficult.

So I have found it For you all: The archaeological, cultural, historic protection and preservation acts from all 50 states, as well as the territories of Puerto Rico and Guam.   AND I HAVE UPDATED THIS!! 

Also, links to the federal statutes and sources based on the large land management agencies, Like the US forest service, the Bureau of land management, the national Park service and others. I have included links to the official language for the following federal mandates:

Antiquities Act  of 1903: 

54 USC 320301-320303 

43 CFR 3

Creation Of National Monuments

REQUIRES PERMITS FOR COLLECTION AND EXCAVATION


The Historic Sites Act of 1935

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966:

54 USC 30010

26 CFR 800

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

Sets policy for historic Preservation

Requires agency to consider effects of actions on historic properties (Section 106)

Requires agencies to establish a preservation program and designate Federal Preservation Officers (Section 110)

Authorizes the National Register


National Environmental Policy Act of 1969:

42 USC 43211-4370

Requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions.

Categorical Exclusion

Environmental Assessment/Decision Record

Environmental Impact Statements/Record of Decision


Archaeological and Historical Preservation Act (AHPA) of 1974

  • 16 U.S.C. 469
  • also known as the Archeological Recovery Act and the Moss-Bennett Bill. 
  • AHPA amended and expanded the Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960
  •  Eenacted to complement the Historic Sites Act of 1935
  •  Provided for the preservation of historical and archaeological data which might be lost or destroyed as the result of the construction of a federally authorized dam or other construction activity. 
  • Expanded the number and range of Federal agencies that had to take archeological resources into account when executing, funding, or licensing projects. 
  • Allows for any Federal agency responsible for a construction project to appropriate a portion of project funds for archaeological survey, recovery, analysis, and publication of results.

Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976:

43 USC 1701-1787

BLM’s “organic act” that establishes its multiple use and sustained yield mandate

Mandates permanent federal ownership of public lands

Directs the agency to manage public lands to protect the quality of scientific, scenic, historical, ecological, air and atmospheric, water resource, and archaeological values

American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978:

42 USC 1996

Protect and preserve Native American rights to religious freedom

Access to sites

Use and possession of sacred objects

Freedom to worship through ceremony and traditional rites

Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) 1979:

16 USC 470aa-m

43 CFR 7 National Park Service

Identifies archaeological resources as material remains of past human life or activities that are over 100 years old

Regulates archaeological investigation on federal lands

Provides requirements for obtaining a permit to excavate archaeological sites

Establishes civil and criminal penaltie


 Abandoned Ships Act (ASA) of 1987

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation  act of 1990:

25 USC 3001 et seq.

43 CFR 10

Requires the repatriation or transfer of Native American human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony (cultural items)

Requires agencies plan for and protect Native American human remains and cultural items that may be removed from federal lands 

Requires the identification and reporting of Native American human remains and cultural items in collections 

Requires a Federal Register Notice prior to repatriation or transfer


Curation of Federally Owned and Administered Archaeological Collections 1990:

         • 36 CFR 79 

Establishes definitions, standards, procedures and guidelines to preserve collections of prehistoric and history remains and associated records

• Specific to prehistoric and historic remains collected under: 

Antiquities Act 

Reservoir Salvage Act

Section 110 of NHPA

ARPA 


American Battlefield Protection Act of 1996


Sunken Military Craft Act of 2004.


All found here: https://www.usace.army.mil/missions/civil-works/tribal-nations/tribal_culturalres/

 

THE GOLDEN DOCUMENT: EVERY STATE REGULATION BY STATUTE AND CHAPTER NUMBER: http://npshistory.com/publications/archeology/state-statutes.pdf

 

ALL OF THE STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICES, AND THEIR CONTACT INFORMATION, CAN BE FOUND HERE:  https://ncshpo.org/

THE EASY BREAK DOWN OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE USA, THANKS TO THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY: https://www.saa.org/about-archaeology/archaeology-law-ethics  

ADIVSORY COUNCIL ON HISTORIC PRESERVATION

https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america

US FOREST SERVICE
https://www.fs.fed.us/lei/archeological-resources-protection.php

https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3821264.pdf

US BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/documents/files/collecting_on_publiclands.pdf

https://www.blm.gov/programs/cultural-heritage-and-paleontology/archaeology/archaeology-in-blm/strategy

US ARMY CORP OF ENGINEERS

https://www.usace.army.mil/missions/civil-works/tribal-nations/tribal_culturalres/


US NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

https://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/tools/laws/AntAct.htm

https://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/tools/laws/NHPA.htm

https://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/tools/laws/AHPA.htm

https://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/tools/laws/ARPA.htm

https://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/tools/laws/ASA.htm

https://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/tools/laws/NAGPRA.htm

https://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/tools/laws/36CFR79.htm

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/archeology/sunken-military-craft-act.htm

https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/fhpl/battlefield_protection.pdf

 

Alabama

https://ahc.alabama.gov/history.aspx

https://ahc.alabama.gov/section106PDFs/Policy_for_Archaeological_Survey_and_Testing_in_Alabama.pdf

 

Alaska

http://dnr.alaska.gov/parks/oha/archsurv/archregs.pdf

 

Arizona

https://azstateparks.com/archaeological-site-etiquette

https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/rules_41_841_et_seq_0.pdf

 

Arkansas

https://archeology.uark.edu/state-archeologist/laws/

 

California

http://nahc.ca.gov/codes/state-laws-and-codes/

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=5097.993.&nodeTreePath=7.25&lawCode=PRC 

 

Colorado

https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2017/1308b.pdf

 

Connecticut

https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/Departments-and-Agencies/DPH/dph/drinking_water/pdf/2019-11-26-Template-archeological-language.pdf

 

Delaware

https://delcode.delaware.gov/title7/c053/sc01/index.html

https://delcode.delaware.gov/title7/c053/sc02/index.html

https://delcode.delaware.gov/title7/c054/index.html

 

 

Florida

https://dos.myflorida.com/historical/preservation/compliance-and-review/regulations-guidelines/

 

Georgia

https://thesga.org/education/archaeology-and-georgia-s-laws/

 

Hawaii

https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/shpd/rules/

https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/shpd/about/branches/archaeology/

https://historichawaii.org/2014/04/28/legal-recourse-for-violation-of-cultural-properties/

 

Idaho

https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title67/t67ch41/sect67-4121/

https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title67/t67ch41/

 

Illinois

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=375&ChapterID=5

https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/IL/IL_Laws_on_Historic_Preservation.pdf

https://www2.illinois.gov/dnrhistoric/Preserve/Pages/Archaeology.aspx

 

 Indiana

https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic-preservation/files/hp_archaeolaw.pdf

 

Iowa

https://www.iowadot.gov/local_systems/publications/im/4120.pdf

https://www.iowadot.gov/local_systems/publications/2001_packet/cultural_resource_regulations.pdf

 

Kansas

https://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-antiquities-act/14586#:~:text=Enacted%20by%20the%20state%20in,comprised%20of%20several%20statutes%20(K.S.A.&text=The%20Act%20prohibits%20uncontrolled%20excavation,obtained%20from%20the%20commission%20secretary.

 

Kentucky

https://anthropology.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/Kentucky%20Laws%20Pertaining%20to%20Archaeology.pdf

 

Louisiana

https://www.crt.state.la.us/cultural-development/archaeology/CRM/state-legislation/title-25/index

https://www.crt.state.la.us/cultural-development/archaeology/CRM/state-legislation/index

Maine

https://www.maine.gov/mhpc/programs/protection-and-community-resources/laws-and-regulations

Maryland

https://mht.maryland.gov/documents/PDF/MHTAct5A325-326.pdf

http://mdrules.elaws.us/comar/34_04

https://casetext.com/statute/code-of-maryland/article-state-finance-and-procurement/division-i-state-finance/title-5a-division-of-historical-and-cultural-programs/subtitle-3-maryland-historical-trust/part-iv-archaeological-property/section-5a-342-terrestrial-archaeological-excavation

https://casetext.com/statute/code-of-maryland/article-state-finance-and-procurement/division-i-state-finance/title-5a-division-of-historical-and-cultural-programs/subtitle-3-maryland-historical-trust/part-iv-archaeological-property

Massachusetts

https://www.mass.gov/service-details/archaeology#:~:text=Any%20person%20who%2C%20without%20a,arrest%20and%20penalty%20of%20law.

Michigan

https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mshda/2018_MI_Archaeology_Brochure_630122_7.pdf

Minnesota

https://mn.gov/admin/assets/OSAmanual_tcm36-186982.pdf

https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/138.33

https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/138

Mississippi

https://www.sos.ms.gov/adminsearch/ACProposed/00024778b.pdf

https://www.mdah.ms.gov/historic-preservation/archaeology/permits

https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/mississippi/title-16/part-3/chapter-12

Missouri

https://www.missouriarchaeologicalsociety.org/collecting-and-identifying-artifacts/collecting/

 

Montana

https://mhs.mt.gov/Shpo/index4

https://mhs.mt.gov/Shpo/Archaeology/ConsultingWith

https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/statesubmerged/montana.htm

 

Nebraska

https://nebraskaarchaeology.org/about/faq/

https://nebraskaarchaeology.org/about/faq/#:~:text=Collecting%20artifacts%20and%20metal%20detecting,objects%20regardless%20of%20land%20ownership.

Nevada

https://shpo.nv.gov/get-involved/the-nevada-site-stewardship-program/resources-for-active-site-stewards/stewardship-laws-and-policies

 

New Hampshire

https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/review/documents/archaeologicalstandardsandguidelines.pdf

https://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/environment/units/program-management/documents/NHDOTarchguide2.pdf

 

New Jersey

https://www.state.nj.us/dca/announcements/pdf/Archaeology%20Reguirements.pdf

https://www.nj.gov/dep/hpo/1identify/survarkeo.htm#:~:text=170%20%2D%20An%20Act%20providing%20for,public%20lands%20without%20written%20authorization.

 

New Mexico

http://www.nmhistoricpreservation.org/assets/files/rules-and-regulations/NM%20Cultural%20Properties%20Act%202006.pdf

http://www.nmhistoricpreservation.org/documents/rules-and-regulations.html

 

New York

https://parks.ny.gov/shpo/archeology/

 

North Carolina

https://archaeology.ncdcr.gov/programs/environmental-review/laws

 

North Dakota

https://www.history.nd.gov/hp/plstate.html#:~:text=PROTECTION%20OF%20PREHISTORIC%20OR%20HISTORIC,release%20of%20the%20information%20will

 

Ohio

https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-149-1-02

 

Oklahoma

https://www.ou.edu/archsurvey/cultural-resource-management

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/ok/technical/ecoscience/cultural/

https://oksenate.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/os53.pdf

 

Oregon

https://www.oregonarchaeological.org/law/#:~:text=Oregon%20State%20law%3A%20prohibits%20the,a%20notarized%20certificate%20of%20origin.

 

Pennsylvania

https://www.phillyarchaeology.net/philly-archaeology/archaeological-protections-in-the-city-of-philadelphia-and-its-environs/

http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/Portal/Communities/BHP/historic_district_act.pdf

http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/archaeology/resources/guidelines-policies.html

https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Preservation/About/Pages/Laws-Regulations.aspx

 

Rhode Island

https://preservation.ri.gov/archaeology

https://casetext.com/regulation/rhode-island-administrative-code/title-530-historical-preservation-and-heritage-commission/chapter-10-general-procedures/subchapter-00-na/part-1-procedures-for-registration-and-protection-of-historic-properties/section-530-ricr-10-00-115-antiquities-act-of-rhode-island
https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/rhode-island

South Carolina

http://heritagetrust.dnr.sc.gov/laws.html

 

South Dakota

https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1417/ML14171A688.pdf

https://history.sd.gov/preservation/laws.aspx

https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/statesubmerged/southdakota.htm

 

Tennessee

http://www.nativehistoryassociation.org/preservation_arch.php

https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/environment/archaeology/documents/arch_TNSHPO.pdf

 

Texas

https://www.thc.texas.gov/public/upload/publications/Laws11W.pdf

 

Utah

https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Utah%20Permit%20Handbook.pdf

https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title9/Chapter8/C9-8-P3_1800010118000101.pdf

https://history.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ARCH_UTSHPO-Archaeological-Guidance_2019.pdf

http://bcn.boulder.co.us/environment/cacv/cacvregs.htm

 

Vermont

https://accd.vermont.gov/historic-preservation/resources-rules/laws-regulations

https://accd.vermont.gov/sites/accdnew/files/documents/HP/ARCHEO%20GUIDELINES%20Final.pdf

 

Virginia

https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/va/VirginiaAntiquitiesAct.pdf

https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/environmental-review/state-and-federal-laws-regulations/

 

Washington

https://dahp.wa.gov/archaeology/archaeological-permitting

https://dahp.wa.gov/project-review/preservation-laws

 

West Virginia

https://www.wvlegislature.gov/wvcode/chapterentire.cfm?chap=29&art=1&section=8a

https://wvculture.org/agencies/state-historic-preservation-office-shpo/review-and-compliance-section-106-review/

 

Wisconsin

https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/44/ii/47/4

https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS4124

 

Wyoming

https://wyoshpo.wyo.gov/index.php/programs/review-and-consultation-s106/guidelines-standards-and-legislation

https://www.blm.gov/programs/cultural-heritage-and-paleontology/archaeology/partners-preservation/wyoming

 

US TERRITORIES

PUERTO RICO

https://caves.org/conservation/laws/Puerto%20Rico%20Cave%20Statutes.pdf

https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/statesubmerged/puertorico.htm

 

GUAM

https://historicguam.net/laws-regulations-and-guidelines/

https://guampreservationtrust.org/resources/

https://www.guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_12th/PL12-126.pdf

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