Celtic Peoples of Europe: This analogy may anger some folks, but I believe it applies here. The term "Celts" or "Celtic People" is, in reality, akin to the term "Native American" or " American Indigenous Culture/People". Neither really refer to a specific people of a specific band, but to a mass grouping of peoples and tribes and clans and what have you that all have similarities in culture, range, genetic backgrounds, etc. Both examples are broad, all encompassing titles that, despite how broad they are, are readily and easily recognizable on the surface. However, neither are as cut and dried as that, and both terms should always come with a Realization AND Recognition that there is far more information and identity there.
THE SOURCES
First off, I am going to cheat. The easiest sources are at the top, The more detailed stuff at the bottom. but for the expediant nature of this source list, the quick and dirty sources that have listed lots of sources for me (see, a cheat code) will be listed first.
1. 1. https://www.historyextra.com/period/iron-age/celts-britain-romans-who-were-they-human-sacrifice/
2. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/iron_01.shtml
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Britons
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts
Here are the easy to look at sources!! Keep in mind, there are further resources at the bottom of each article, and bibliographies.
THE PICTS. Though this required.
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts
BELOW.......here is the list....of all the main sources and references I could find in brief short minutes about the Celts, Celts in Briton, the Picts.... there is a laundry list here, and it is LONG.
CELTS:
·
Alberro, Manuel and
Arnold, Bettina (eds.), e-Keltoi:
Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula, University
of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.
·
"Celt". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
·
Brunel,
Samantha; et al. (9 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil
7,000 years of its demographic history". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America. National
Academy of Sciences. 117 (23): 12791–12798. doi:10.1073/pnas.1918034117. PMC 7293694. PMID 32457149.
·
Collis, John. The
Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions. Stroud: Tempus Publishing,
2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2.
Historiography of Celtic studies.
·
Cunliffe, Barry. The
Ancient Celts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-815010-5.
·
Cunliffe, Barry. Iron
Age Britain. London: Batsford, 2004. ISBN 0-7134-8839-5
·
Cunliffe, Barry. The
Celts: A Very Short Introduction. 2003
·
Drinkwater, John
Frederick (2012). "Celts". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford
Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University
Press. p. 295. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001. ISBN 9780191735257.
·
Fischer,
Claire-Elise; et al. (6 December 2018). "The multiple maternal legacy of the Late Iron Age
group of Urville-Nacqueville (France, Normandy) documents a long-standing
genetic contact zone in northwestern France". PLOS One. PLOS. 13 (12):
e0207459. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1307459F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207459. PMC 6283558. PMID 30521562.
·
Fischer,
Claire-Elise; et al. (October 2019). "Multi-scale archaeogenetic study of two French Iron
Age communities: From internal social- to broad-scale population dynamics". Journal
of Archaeological Science. Elsevier. 27 (101942):
101942. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101942.
Retrieved 2 July 2020.
·
Freeman, Philip Mitchell The Earliest Classical
Sources on the Celts: A Linguistic and Historical Study. Diss. Harvard University,
1994. (link)
·
Gamito, Teresa J.
"The Celts in Portugal Archived 24 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine", E-Keltoi:
Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, 6 (2005).
·
Haywood, John. Historical
Atlas of the Celtic World. 2001.
·
Herm, Gerhard. The
Celts: The People who Came out of the Darkness. New York: St. Martin's
Press, 1977.
·
James, Simon. The
World of the Celts. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1993. 3rd edn. 2005.
·
James, Simon. The
Atlantic Celts – Ancient People Or Modern Invention? Madison:
University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. ISBN 0-299-16674-0.
·
James, Simon &
Rigby, Valerie. Britain and the Celtic Iron Age. London: British Museum Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7141-2306-4.
·
Kruta, Venceslas, Otto
Hermann Frey, Barry Raftery and M. Szabo. eds. The Celts. New
York: Thames & Hudson,
1991. ISBN 0-8478-2193-5.
A translation of Les Celtes : Histoire et dictionnaire 2000.
·
Laing, Lloyd. The
Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c. 400–1200 AD. London:
Methuen, 1975. ISBN 0-416-82360-2
·
Laing, Lloyd and
Jenifer Laing. Art of the Celts, London: Thames and Hudson,
1992 ISBN 0-500-20256-7
·
MacKillop,
James. A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-280120-1
·
Maier,
Bernhard: Celts: A History from Earliest Times to the
Present. University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-268-02361-4
·
Martiniano,
Rui; et al. (19 January 2016). "Genomic signals of migration and continuity in
Britain before the Anglo-Saxons". Nature Communications. Nature Research. 7 (10326):
10326. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710326M. doi:10.1038/ncomms10326. PMC 4735653. PMID 26783717.
·
McEvedy, Colin. The
Penguin Atlas of Ancient History. New York: Penguin, 1985. ISBN 0-14-070832-4
·
Mallory, J. P. In
Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. London:
Thames and Hudson, 1991. ISBN 0-500-27616-1.
·
O'Rahilly, T. F. Early
Irish History Dublin
Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946.
·
Olalde,
Iñigo; et al. (15 March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over
the past 8000 years". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 363 (6432):
1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
·
Powell, T. G. E. The Celts. New
York: Thames & Hudson, 1980. 3rd edn. 1997. ISBN 0-500-27275-1.
·
Mac Cana, Proinsias; Dillon, Myles. "Celtic religion". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc.Retrieved 12 June 2020.
·
Puhvel, Jaan; Fee, Christopher R.; Leeming, David Adams (2003). "Celtic mythology". In Leeming, David
Adams (ed.). The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University
Press. pp. 65–67. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001. ISBN 9780199916481.
Retrieved 9 March 2020.
·
Raftery, Barry. Pagan
Celtic Ireland: The Enigma of the Irish Iron Age. London: Thames &
Hudson, 1994. ISBN 0-500-27983-7.
·
Riché, Pierre (2005). "Barbarians". In Vauchez, André (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. James Clarke & Co.
p. 150. doi:10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001. ISBN 9780195188172.
·
Schiffels,
Stephan; et al. (19 January 2016). "Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England
reveal British migration history". Nature Communications. Nature Research. 7 (10408):
10408. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710408S. doi:10.1038/ncomms10408. PMC 4735688. PMID 26783965.
·
Todd, Malcolm (1975). The
Northern Barbarians. Hutchinson. 13. Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 9780091222208.
Retrieved 10 March 2020.
·
Waldman,
Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). "Celts". Encyclopedia
of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing.
pp. 144–169. ISBN 1438129181.
CELTIC PEOPLES OF EUROPE.
1.
Collis, John (2003). The Celts: Origins, Myths and
Inventions. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7524-2913-7
2.
^ Jump up to:a b Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q.
Adams (1997). Encyclopedia
of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
3.
^ Jump up to:a b Ioana A. Oltean, Dacia:
Landscape, Colonization and Romanization, ISBN 0-415-41252-8,
2007, p. 47.
4.
^ Andrea
Faber, Körpergräber des 1.-3. Jahrhunderts in der römischen Welt:
internationales Kolloquium, Frankfurt am Main, 19.-20. November 2004, ISBN 3-88270-501-9,
p. 144.
5.
^ Géza
Alföldy, Noricum, Tome 3 of History of the Provinces of the
Roman Empire, 1974, p. 69.
6.
^ Jump up to:a b c Koch, John T.
(2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.).
Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 224–225. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.
7.
^ Jump up to:a b c "Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 5,
chapter 34". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-12.
8.
^ A. Mocsy and S.
Frere, Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube
Provinces of the Roman Empire. p. 14.
9.
^ Pannonia. A
History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. p. 14.
10.
^ Frank W. Walbank, Polybius, Rome and
the Hellenistic World: Essays and Reflections, ISBN 0-521-81208-9,
2002, p. 116: "... in A7P 60 (1939) 452 8, is not Antigonus Doson but
barbarians from the mainland (either Thracians or Gauls from Tylis) (cf.
Rostovizef and Welles (1940) 207-8, Rostovizef (1941) 111, 1645), nor has that
inscription anything to do with the Cavan expedition. On ..."
11.
^ Velika
Dautova-Ruševljan and Miroslav Vujović, Rimska vojska u Sremu, 2006,
p. 131: "extended as far as Ruma whence continued the territory of another
community named after the Celtic tribe of Cornacates"
12.
^ Ion Grumeza, Dacia:
Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe, ISBN 0-7618-4465-1,
2009, p. 51: "In a short time the Dacians imposed their conditions on the
Anerati, Boii, Eravisci, Pannoni, Scordisci,"
13.
^ John T.
Koch, Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia, ISBN 1-85109-440-7,
2006, p. 907.
14.
^ Jump up to:a b J. J. Wilkes, The
Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5,
p. 81: "In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the
Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of
..."
15.
^ J. J.
Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5,
p. 140: "... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo
remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early
third century"
16.
^ Jump up to:a b J. J. Wilkes, The
Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5,
p. 217.
17.
^ Population and
economy of the eastern part of the Roman province of Dalmatia, 2002, ISBN 1-84171-440-2,
p. 24: "the Dindari were a branch of the Scordisci"
18.
^ John Boardman, I.
E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, The Cambridge
Ancient History, Vol. 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and
Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the
Sixth Centuries BC, ISBN 0-521-22717-8,
1992, p. 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find
the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for
long been supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this
tribe was of Celtic origin"
19.
^ Dio Cassius,
Earnest Cary, and Herbert B. Foster, Dio Cassius: Roman History, Vol.
IX, Books 71–80 (Loeb Classical Library, No. 177), 1927, Index:
"... 9, 337, 353 Seras, philosopher, condemned to death, 8. 361 Serdi,
Thracian tribe defeated by M. Crassus, 6. 73 Seretium,""
20.
^ Dubravka
Balen-Letunič, 40 godina arheoloških istraživanja u sjeverozapadnoj
Hrvatskoj, 1986, p. 52: "and the Celtic Serretes"
21.
^ Alan Bowman,
Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, The
Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan
Empire, 43 BC-AD 69, 1996, p. 580: "... 580 I3h. DANUBIAN AND BALKAN
PROVINCES Tricornenses of Tricornium (Ritopek) replaced the Celegeri, the
Picensii of Pincum ..."
22.
^ William M.
Ramsay, Historical Commentary on Galatians, 1997, p. 302: "...
these adaptable Celts were Hellenized early. The term Gallograecia, compared
with Themistius' (p. 360) Γαλατία ..."
23.
^ Roger D.
Woodard, The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, 2008, p. 72:
"... The Phrygian elite (like the Galatian) was quickly Hellenized
linguistically; the Phrygian tongue was devalued and found refuge only
..."
24.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Prifysgol Cymru,
University of Wales, A Detailed Map of Celtic Settlements in Galatia,
Celtic Names and La Tène Material in Anatolia, the Eastern Balkans, and the
Pontic Steppes.
25.
^ Gallia est omnis
divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani,
tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Julius Caesar, Commentarii
de Bello Gallico, Book I, chapter 1
26.
^ Plutarch, Marcellus, chapters
6-7 [1]
27.
^ von Hefner,
Joseph (1837). Geographie des Transalpinischen Galliens. Munich.
28.
^ Venceslas
Kruta: La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la
decadenza, Newton & Compton, 2003, ISBN 88-8289-851-2, ISBN 978-88-8289-851-9
29.
^ Long, George
(1866). Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2. London.
30.
^ Snith, William
George (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography: Vol.1. Boston.
31.
^ Titus,
Livius. Ab Urbe Condita.
p. 5,34.
32.
^ http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1404299
33.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e Jorge de Alarcão, “Novas
perspectivas sobre os Lusitanos (e outros mundos)”, in Revista portuguesa de
Arqueologia, vol. IV, n° 2, 2001, p. 312 e segs.
34.
^ Ptolemy,
Geographia, II, 5, 6
35.
^ Collis, John
(2003). The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. p.
180. ISBN 978-0-7524-2913-7
36.
^ The
Encyclopedia of Ireland, B. Lalor and F. McCourt editors, © 2003 New Haven:
Yale University Press, p. 1089 ISBN 0-300-09442-6,
noting that Ulaidh was the original tribal designation of the Uluti, who are
identifiable as the Voluntii of the Ptolomey map and who occupied, at start,
all of the historic province of Ulster.
37.
^ Indoeuropeos y no
Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana, Salamanca: Universidad, 2000
38.
^ Indoeuropeos y no
Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana, Salamanca: Universidad, 2000
39.
^ Koch, John T.
(2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia(illustrated ed.).
Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 198–200. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.
40.
^ Gallia est omnis
divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani,
tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Julius Caesar, Commentarii
de Bello Gallico, Book I, chapter 1
41.
^ Jump up to:a b Mountain, Harry.
(1997). The Celtic Encyclopedia p.225 ISBN 1-58112-890-8 (v.
1)
42.
^ Baldi, Philip (2002). The
Foundations of Latin. Walter de Gruyter. p. 112. ISBN 978-3-11-080711-0.
43.
^ Kruta,
Venceslas, ed. (1991). The Celts. Thames and Hudson. p. 54. ISBN 978-0500015247.
44.
^ Kruta,
Venceslas, ed. (1991). The Celts. Thames and Hudson. p. 55. ISBN 978-0500015247.
45.
^ (Liv. v. 35; Plin.
iii. 17. s. 21.)
46.
^ Indoeuropeos y no
Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana, Salamanca: Universidad, 2000
47.
^ Indoeuropeos y no
Indoeuropeos en la Hispania Prerromana, Salamanca: Universidad, 2000
48.
^ Koch, John T.
(2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa
Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 198–200. ISBN 1-85109-440-7, ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical
encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp.
224–225. ISBN 1-85109-440-7, ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
49.
^ Smith,
William. "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854),
BAETIS". Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Geography. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Perseus Digital Library.
50.
^ The Osi's
categorization as Celtic is disputed; see Osi; also
may have been a Dacian or Germanic tribe.
51.
^ Adrian
Goldsworthy, How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower, ISBN 0-300-13719-2,
2009, p. 105: "... who had moved to the Hungarian Plain. Another tribe,
the Bastarnae, may or may not have been Germanic. ..."
52.
^ Christopher Webber
and Angus McBride, The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms), ISBN 1-84176-329-2,
2001, p. 12: "... never got near the main body of Roman infantry. The
Bastarnae (either Celts or Germans), and `the bravest nation on earth' –
Livy ..."
53.
^ Charles
Anthon, A Classical Dictionary: Containing The Principal Proper Names
Mentioned In Ancient Authors, Part One, 2005, p. 539: "... Tor, "
elevated," " a mountain. (Strabo, 293)"; "the Iapodes
(Strabo, 313), a Gallo-Illyrian race occupying the valleys of ..."
54.
^ J. J.
Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN 0-631-19807-5,
p. 79: "along with the evidence of name formulae, a Venetic element among
the Japodes. A group of names identified by Alföldy as of Celtic origin:
Ammida, Andes, Iaritus, Matera, Maxa,"
55.
^ J. J.
Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the
Roman Empire, 1969, pp. 154 and 482.
56.
^ Géza Alföldy, Noricum,
Tome 3 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1974, p.
24-5.
57.
^ Cowles
Prichard, James (1841). Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind:
3, Volume 1. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p. 240.
58.
^ Markey, Thomas
(2008). Shared Symbolics, Genre Diffusion, Token Perception and Late
Literacy in North-Western Europe. NOWELE.
·
Alberro, Manuel and Arnold, Bettina (eds.), e-Keltoi:
Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula,
University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.
·
Haywood, John. (2001). Atlas of the Celtic World.
London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500051097 ISBN 978-0500051092
·
Kruta, Venceslas. (2000). Les Celtes, Histoire et
Dictionnaire. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, coll.
« Bouquins ». ISBN 2-7028-6261-6.
·
Mallory, J.P. and Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia
of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
·
Sims-Williams, Patrick. "The location of the Celts
according to Hecataeus, Herodotus, and other Greek writers". In: Études
Celtiques, vol. 42, 2016. pp. 7-32. [DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2016.2467];
[www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2016_num_42_1_2467]
